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Letters from Russia: what each one means
The letters an official body from Russia actually sends — what each one means, the deadline that runs, and what happens if you ignore it.
Tax
- Требование об уплате задолженностиA Требование об уплате задолженности is a formal demand from the Russian tax service saying your unified tax account (ЕНС) is in the red and ordering payment within a stated period — 8 days by default. It is the legally required last step before forced collection.
- Решение о взыскании задолженностиA Решение о взыскании задолженности is the tax authority's decision to take an unpaid tax debt directly from your money: bank accounts, electronic money, digital rubles. It follows an unpaid требование, and by the time you read it funds may already be blocked or debited.
- Решение о привлечении к ответственности за совершение налогового правонарушенияThe decision is not in force yet. One month from the day it was served is the window in which an appeal holds off its entry into force. There is no second window: the period cannot be restored.
- Решение о приостановлении операций по счетам в банке, а также переводов электронных денежных средствA Решение о приостановлении операций по счетам is a tax-authority decision that freezes outgoing operations on the bank accounts of an organization or an individual entrepreneur. It follows an unpaid требование or a missing tax declaration, and the bank executes it immediately.
- Налоговое уведомлениеA Налоговое уведомление is the annual tax bill the Russian tax service sends to individuals for property they own — a car, a flat, a house, land. Nothing needs filing: the tax office has already done the calculation, and the amount is due by 1 December.
- Акт налоговой проверкиAn Акт налоговой проверки is the formal write-up of a finished tax audit that found violations: the facts, the extra tax the inspectors want to charge, and the fines they propose. It is not yet a decision — there is one month to file written objections.
- Требование о представлении поясненийA Требование о представлении пояснений is a request sent during a desk audit (камеральная проверка) of a tax declaration you filed. The inspectorate found errors or contradictions and asks you to explain them, or to file a corrected declaration, within 5 days.
- Уведомление о вызове в налоговый орган налогоплательщика (плательщика сбора, налогового агента)An Уведомление о вызове в налоговый орган is a written summons to appear at the tax inspectorate and give explanations about your taxes, at the date and time printed on it. It is issued under пп. 4 п. 1 ст. 31 НК РФ, and the matter is frequently settled with documents or written explanations.
Debt collection
- Постановление о возбуждении исполнительного производстваA Постановление о возбуждении исполнительного производства is the bailiff's decision opening a forced-collection case against you on the basis of an enforcement document. It gives one short window — 5 days — to pay voluntarily before enforcement begins and a 12% fee is added.
- Постановление о взыскании исполнительского сбораThis is a separate charge on top of the debt, imposed because the demand was not met inside the period for voluntary compliance. It is challenged on its own, and there are ten days to do it.
- Постановление о временном ограничении на выезд должника из Российской ФедерацииA Постановление о временном ограничении на выезд должника из Российской Федерации is a bailiff's decision that blocks you from leaving Russia while an enforcement debt is unpaid. Many people learn of it only at passport control; it is lifted once the debt is paid.
- Уведомление об уступке права требования (о привлечении представителя кредитора)This says someone else now handles the debt. By itself it asks for nothing and opens no deadline for you — it changes who is to be paid and who may deal with you.
Court
- Судебный приказA Судебный приказ is a court order for money (up to 500,000 ₽) issued by a judge alone, without a hearing and without you being heard. It is also an enforcement document — but a plain written objection filed within 10 days cancels it, with no reasons required.
- Заочное решение судаA Заочное решение суда is a judgment the court issued without you, because a properly notified defendant did not appear. It usually grants the claimant's demands — but the absent defendant has a special quick route: a cancellation application within 7 days of receiving the copy.
- Судебная повесткаA Судебная повестка is an official summons to a civil court hearing, telling you when and where your case will be heard. Receiving it means a case is already on the docket — and the hearing will take place with or without you.
Traffic
Bank
- Требование о досрочном возврате потребительского кредита (займа)The lender is asking not for the next instalment but for the whole balance. The right to do that does not arise at any moment, and the period it sets has a floor: it cannot be less than thirty calendar days.
- Запрос банка о представлении документов и сведений (115-ФЗ)This is not an audit and not a penalty. The bank is discharging a control duty the law puts on it and wants documents about your transactions. The deadline here is set by the bank, not by the statute — and until the documents arrive there is nothing to count from.